Опубликовано
Расстройства личности определяются в современной психиатрической диагностической системе как такие расстройства , которые характеризуются распространяющимися, негибкими и стабильными моделями мышления, чувств, поведения и взаимодействия с другими и вызывают значительные расстройства или нарушения функционирования в межличностных или профессиональных сферах. Важность межличностной дисфункции в определении расстройств личности четко проявляется в их описательных характеристиках и диагностических критериях - каждом расстройстве личности.
В американской литературе современные диагностические критерии для расстройств личности были введены в DSM – IV ( APA , 1994), с 10 расстройствами личности, организованными в три описательных кластера: кластер A («нечетно-эксцентричный») включал параноидные, шизоидные и шизотипические расстройства личности; Кластер B («драматически-эмоционально-неустойчивый») включает антисоциальные, пограничные, гистрионические и нарциссические расстройства личности; и группа C («тревожно-опасная») включала избегающие, зависимые и обсессивно-компульсивные расстройства личности. Кроме того, DSM – IV включалf в себя диагноз «расстройство личности», не указанный иным образом, для симптомов, указывающих на расстройство личности, неадекватно зафиксированное одним из других диагнозов расстройства личности.
Диагностические пороги, которые определяют наличие или отсутствие диагноза расстройства личности, имеют небольшое эмпирическое обоснование и, по-видимому, не соответствуют клинически значимым нарушениям ( Clark , 2007).
В предлагаемой гибридной модели DSM-V диагноз расстройства личности ставится при наличии значительных проблем в личностном (самосовершенствовании и межличностном) функционировании и специфических паттернах патологических черт личности, определяемых с использованием пяти черт личности (отрицательная аффективность и эмоциональная стабильность, отрешенность против экстраверсии, антагонизм против приятности, расторможенность против принуждения, психотизм против ясности), которые в свою очередь могут быть дополнительно определены с использованием 25 специфических аспектов дезадаптивной черты.
Раздел III сохраняет шесть предложенных типов расстройств личности: шизотипические, антисоциальные, пограничные, нарциссические, избегающие и обсессивно-компульсивные расстройства личности, каждый из которых определяется специфическим паттерном нарушения в функционировании и особенностях личности. Кроме того, диагноз расстройства личности - указанный признак дается при наличии нарушения функционирования личности, которое не полностью соответствует критериям для конкретного типа расстройства личности.
Межличностный стиль определяется характерным подходом к межличностным ситуациям и отношениям и включает в себя отношение к поведению и целям отношений; познания о значении отношений; аффект и поведение в межличностных взаимодействиях; и интерпретация поведения взаимодействия других. Наряду с другими факторами характерный стиль межличностного общения определяет качество функционирования в определенных областях отношений, в том числе с детьми, родителями, братьями и сестрами, сверстниками и романтическими партнерами.
Межличностная теория подчеркивает неотъемлемую роль межличностных отношений и опыта с другими для более широких аспектов психосоциального функционирования и основывается на предположении, что все межличностные взаимодействия отражают попытки установить и поддерживать самооценку или избежать беспокойства.
Ниже приведу некоторые черты личности , которые характеризуют психопатов: властность ( тенденция контролировать, манипулировать, быть агрессивным или пытаться изменить других ); мстительность ( склонность к недоверию и подозрительности к другим , неспособность заботиться о нуждах и счастье других); холодность ( склонность испытывать трудности в выражении привязанности или чувства любви к другим , неспособность быть щедрым , ладить или прощать других); социально – избегающие ( склонность чувствовать беспокойство и смущение по отношению к другим , трудности в выражении чувств и общении с другими ); отсутствие уверенности в себе ( тенденция испытывать трудности в выражении потребностей , действовать авторитетно или быть твердым и настойчивым по отношению к другим.
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